A note of warning and advice:
If you feel agitated by reading about funeral rites, please do not read further. Pictures of the rites will not show naked parts of corpses, which I have blurred, not only for your protection, but also not to display the diseased person.
I have thought for a long time whether I should write about the funeral rites in Pashupatinath, in particular whether I can show photos of them, because there are corpses to be seen. But I think I've found a compromise that allows me to report on this important issue that has been on my mind for over 25 years. I had made a trip to Tibet 25 years ago that started in Nepal and also ended in Nepal and we visited Pashupatinath. There we saw funeral pyres that had fascinated me since then. But there were also disconcerting aspects, such as little boys scampering through the mourners to jump into the river further up, letting the current carry them downstreams, then coming out of the water below the mourners and then back running through the group of mourners. This did not bother the mourners, because they continued to perform their rites to honor the dead. After that, the burning of the pyre was carried out. We didn't go to opposite of the Pashupatinath Temple at the time, because my friends were too agitated to see the cremation. However, one of the friends later wrote a book titled: Why I am immortal (translation). This time I've been able to see more and do more research and so I want to share this experience, because I think it's very important. I've been interested in burial rites for a long time, not just the funeral customs of peoples outside Europe but also those in Europe and especially in Germany.
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| Entrance at the other side |
I would like to start talking about the Pashupatinath Temple and interestingly the German Wikipedia article is a much better source than the English article for this purpose [1]. Pashupatinath means „Lord of Life“ or „Lord of the Living“ and is located about 5 kilometers east of Kathmandu's center. The Hindu temple is one of the most important places of worship for Shiva and thousands of Hindus travel there every year. But it is also the place where the cremations take place, below at the ghats. The sanctuary itself was classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979.
The emergence of Hinduism is dated to 1,200 BC; that means ample time to the development of many traditional rites, especially for honoring or burying the dead [2]. According to Hindu belief, man, like all matter, consists of five basic elements (the Panchamahabhutas - pancha means five, which is why we also know the punch, which originally consisted of five ingredients), which have the properties of earth (pritvi), water (jala), fire (tejas), wind (vayu) and space (akasha). For the Hindu, death means liberation and passage into a new existence – reincarnation – for which personal karma, made up of positive and negative actions, is decisive. The funeral rituals support this. However, attaining a better reincarnation is only an interim goal; the real goal is moksha, liberation from the long chain of incarnations.
In Hinduism, every living being has an immortal self (atman), often translated, not entirely incorrectly, as soul. The atman refers to pure consciousness or witness consciousness, beyond identification with phenomena [3]. With the cleansing of the body comes the cleansing of the soul. Water, milk, and ghee (clarified butter) are used. A five-time circumambulation of the corpse is also performed. According to tradition, the fire is lit by the firstborn son.
When the corpse is half or completely burned. st, one should split the skull; among the Grihashtas (housekeepers) with a log and the ascetics with a coconut. After opening the Brahmarhandhra orifice in this way, sacrificesare made with e.g. ghee. I haven't seen it myself, maybe just not being there at the right time or the practice has been abandoned. However, Sannyassins may be handed over to the floods unburned (this is meant to be done at the Ganges) or buried. Srila Prabhupada, the Founder Acharya of the Hare Krsna movement, was buried seated in the earth, first covered in sugar [4]. But this is just meant as a small digression.
After the fire has burned out, often after three days, the ashes are then strewn into the river – in this case the Bagmati River, though a wonder whether the three day interval still is feasable with so many people being cremated there. A burial in the ground is possible in principle, but unusual at Pashupatinath. Until 1829, women were immolating themselves with their deceased husbands; however, this ritual has been forbidden [5].
The cremation sites, the Arya Ghats (higher caste cremation sites) and the Surya Ghats (lower caste cremation sites) are on the right bank of the Bagmati River together with the Pashupatinath Temple.
The corpse is usually wrapped in yellow cloth, carried to the ghat and cleansed (feet and face), then offerings are made and afterwards carried to the cremation site, where a pyre has been built, on which the corpse is laid. The firstborn son lits the pyre as already mentioned. Family and friends watch, sometimes from a distance. After about four hours, the body is burned to ashes. The ash and incompletely burned logs are thrown into the river, with unburned jewelry etc. being removed from the ashes beforehand. The river seemed very muddy to me – just weeks before the rainy season.
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| Shortly after igniting the pyre - 25 years ago |
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| Pyre burning down - 25 years ago |
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| Mourners and purification rites |
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| Bamboo stretchers are prepared to be burned |
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| On the bamboo stretcher to the funeral pyre |
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| Another group of mourner - this time the diseased person had been in the security business and the colleagues give the last goodbye |
Links and Annotations:
[1] https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashupatinath
[2] https://www.tod-und-glaube.de/die-bestattungskultur-des-hinduismus/ and https://www.pietaet-am-dornbusch.de/
[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)
[4] Be advised that this video goes far beyond the pictures I show here. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vXmRMqDbSvo
[5] But such a ritual would prevent young, pretty women from marrying old geezers – not seriously. The ritual has been rightfully abolished. And I guess that more women were immolated instead of having immolated themselves.
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