Showing posts with label Asia. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Asia. Show all posts

Saturday, June 13, 2026

The Galle Face Hotel in Colombo, Sri Lanka


According to my (outdated) guidebook, the Galle Face Hotel claims to be the oldest hotel in Asia, having opened its doors in 1856 [1]. I find this claim rather bold, given the fact that the Japanese hotel Nishiyama Onsen Keiunkan (西山温泉慶雲館) began operations about 1,300 years ago [2]. And even sticking to Sri Lanka, there is also the Queen's Hotel in Kandy [3]. I stayed at both hotels this time. The Queen's has been around since 1840, when it operated as a hostel under the name of Malabar House. It changed owners in 1869 and was renamed the Queen's Hotel. Well, opinions may differ on the matter, but the Galle Face Hotel in Colombo has certainly made a name for itself over the past 170 years [4]. I was already familiar with the hotel from my earlier visits in the 1970ies; back then, we used to enjoy heading from Wellawatta to either the Galle Face Hotel or the Mount Lavinia Hotel in the evening for a drink at the bar. But let’s take a closer look at the Galle Face Hotel nowadays.




The hotel has been refurbished, but still retains the atmosphere of times gone by. Some reaking doors, stairs or floor boards can still be found. I was somewhat surprised in the evening when the Sri Lankan flag was lowered to the sound of bagpipes. However, the picture becomes clearer when you look at the list of celebrity guests. The late Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, stayed at the hotel, and one of his cars is on display in the hotel's museum section. Although the hotel boasts three bars and a pub, I didn't visit any of them this time; after an overnight flight, we had stayed up all day, and I was understandably tired.
 



Links and Annotations:
[1] Apa Guides: Sri Lanka. Hongkong 1995. ISBN: 3-8268-1362-6. P. 114.
Well, according to Wikipedia the Galle Face Hotel has been founded in 1864 [4].
[2] It's an onsen ryokan (温泉旅館) and has been founded in the year 705 by Fujiwara no Mahito (藤原真人).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishiyama_Onsen_Keiunkan  and
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%85%B6%E9%9B%B2%E9%A4%A8_(%E6%97%85%E9%A4%A8) 
[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Hotel,_Kandy 
[4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galle_Face_Hotel 

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Wednesday, June 10, 2026

Sigiriya Rock in Sri Lanka


I recall that Sigiriya was already a prominent tourist destination during my first visit in the 1970s, attracting almost all tour groups as well as independent travelers. Nowadays, however, a sheer multitude of people head there and climb the rock—at least as far as the so-called "Cloud Maidens." Photography is no longer permitted there. I assume this is primarily for safety reasons; the constant stream of tourists cannot be repeatedly halted, given the many staircases and winding steps along steel scaffolding that must be climbed. On the other hand, there is no other way to prevent tourists from taking snapshots with cameras that automatically trigger a flash. Long-term, cumulative exposure to camera flashes could damage the delicate natural pigments of the frescoes. The Federal Foreign Office in Berlin warns tourists in Sri Lanka against photographing the Sigiriya Cloud Maiden frescoes, as it is strictly prohibited and could result in severe penalties and the confiscation of the camera. It is fortunate that I was able to take photos (without flash) over 40 years ago, though the results are modest at the least. One can view replicas of the frescoes in the museum without climbing the rock itself. This also leaves time to admire the landscaped gardens.






Pidurangala Rock (
පිදුරංගල) is often recommended as an alternative [1]; this rock is located about 1 km north of Sigiriya Rock. Both are made of solid granite. And yes, at Pidurangala Rock, too, one sees frescoes during the ascent—which is much shorter—plus it is cheaper and less crowded. At the summit lie the remains of a fortress commissioned by King Kassapa between 477 and 495 AD. A fantastic destination, but it is not Sigiriya! 




Sigiriya Rock—meaning "Lion Rock" (Sinhala: සීගිරිය, Tamil: சிகிரியா/சிங்ககிரி)—can be considered a landmark of Sri Lanka. The rock stands approximately 180 meters high [2] and has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1982. Its name derives from a colossal lion sculpture; the paws of this figure can still be admired halfway up the rock face. King Kassapa I began his reign in 473 AD after killing his father, King Dhatusena—a ruler who, according to one guidebook, was buried alive [3]. The rightful heir to the throne was Moggallana (Mugallan). Fearing him, Kassapa I relocated his royal residence to the rock and also had a second fortress built on nearby Pidurangala Rock. Moggallana returned from exile in South India in 491 and defeated Kassapa. He subsequently restored Anuradhapura as the capital; thus, while Sigiriya served as the royal seat for less than twenty years, its splendor endures to this day.




There is ample space atop the rock, so the crowds of tourists are barely noticeable. Little has changed up there over the years.




 


Wednesday, May 13, 2026

A Visit to the Dambulla Cave Temple, Sri Lanka


When I think of the cave temple in Dambulla, I automatically think of "Dambala" – a reggae song by Exuma [1]: "Oh, Dambala, come Dambala." This might sound a bit peculiar, but at the time of my first visit to the caves – some 50 years ago – we listened to musicians like Exuma constantly; I still own a cassette tape of his, though I recently enjoyed listening to "Dambala" on YouTube.




The Dambulla Cave Temple (දඹුල්ල රජ මහා විහාර) – also known as the Dambulla Raja Maha Viharaya or the Golden Temple of Dambulla – has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the central part of Sri Lanka since 1991 [2]. A lengthy conservation project (1982–1996) was undertaken with the specific aim of preserving the eighteenth-century mural schemes found within the site. In 2003, the designated protection zone was expanded. This was a sensible measure, as the temple continues to serve as an active ritual center. In total, five temple caves are open to visitors; the largest of these measures 52 by 23 meters – covering an area of nearly 1,200 square meters. They offer ample space for both worshippers and tourists alike. As one approaches the caves, one is enveloped by the scent of the flowers offered as votives, and, of course, by the fragrance of incense.




Pre-Buddhist burial sites – estimated to be approximately 2,700 years old – have been discovered in the surrounding area, leading to the belief that the caves were inhabited in ancient times. There are other caves in the vicinity as well – about 80 in total. It is likely that the caves were transformed into a royal temple as early as the late 2nd century BCE, under the reign of King Walagamba of Anuradhapura. King Nishankamalla of Polonnaruwa is also worthy of mention, as he dedicated 70 Buddha statues to the temple in 1190 AD. The site is home to thousands of wall paintings, which depict, in particular, scenes from the life of the Buddha. In total, 2,300 square meters are covered with paintings. There are 153 Buddha statues, three statues of kings, as well as statues of Vishnu and Ganesha. The Wikipedia article offers very comprehensive descriptions. There is a noteworthy article from 2025 titled "The Sacred Caves of Dambulla: Where Rock Becomes Prayer" [3]. Quite fresh – barely a month old – is the article from the Impart Encyclopedia of Art [4]; notably, it features absolutely no people, which is a sensible approach for an article of this kind.



One must climb up to reach the cave temple, but the ascent is well worth the effort. And – incidentally – even non-Buddhists are permitted to bring flowers along with them. Please buy some from the vendors.
 



Links and Annotations:
[1] „Oh, Dambala, come Dambala / Oh, Dambala, come Dambala“ from the Lyrics [1a] of the song „Dambala“ [1b] by Exuma [1c], who already passed over nearly 30 years ago.
[1a] https://genius.com/Exuma-dambala-lyrics 
[1b] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4q4rXpaOhAU&t=11s 
[1c] Macfarlane Gregory Anthony Mackey (1942-1997), aka Exuma, was a Bahamian musician, artist, playwright, and author. 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exuma_(musician)  
[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dambulla_cave_temple and
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dambulla-H%C3%B6hlentempel 
[3] The Sacred Caves of Dambulla: Where Rock Becomes Prayer 
https://ceylonhistory.com/en/stories/dambulla-cave-temple
[4] Impart Encyclopedia of Art (2026) Dambulla Cave Temple. Available at: https://imp-art.org/articles/dambulla-cave-temple/ (Accessed: 13 May 2026). 

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Monday, April 13, 2026

Cinnamon and Cardamom in Sri Lanka


Die fischer überliefern dass im süden
Auf einer insel reich an zimmt und öl ...
[The fishermen tell us that in the south
On an island rich in cinnamon and oil ...]
Stefan George


I was just reading the poem by Stefan George from which the two lines above are taken [1] and thought I could write about two of the many spices for which Sri Lanka is known.
These spices include:
Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum)
Cardamom / green cardamom pods
Nutmeg & Mace
Turmeric
Curry Leaves
Lemongrass
Black pepper
Cloves

In this blog post, I will focus on the first two, cinnamon and cardamom. This is for personal reasons. Firstly, I remembered three visits to Sri Lanka in the 1970s, when planes still landed at the old airport. Back then, walking from the plane to the terminal meant crossing the tarmac. A mixture of cinnamon and kerosene, along with the heat, would hit you. It was a very typical smell. I was a little disappointed when, after all these years, I landed at the new airport in Sri Lanka and we went straight from the plane into the terminal building, so the particular aroma is no longer there. However, I've developed a close relationship with cinnamon since then. I've also been using cardamom for a very long time, more intensively after my trip to Sikkim three years ago; one of the pictures is from Sikkim. Especially after my trip to Saudi Arabia last autumn, I was able to reconnect with earlier flavor experiences in Jordan, because in the Arab world, cardamom is a spice used, for example, to flavor coffee.

Cardamom plant in Sri Lanka


Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum)

Spices from Sri Lanka (taprobane, serendib) reached Greece and the Roman Empire as early as antiquity [2]. In the 14th century, many trade routes for spices passed through Sri Lanka. Later, Portugal, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom sought sea routes to Sri Lanka and other spice islands to break the monopoly held by Arab middlemen.

Cardamom
The name comes from a latinized Greek word, namely καρδάμωμον (kardámōmon) [3], which was formerly used to mean cress [4]. As I learned in Sikkim, the plant is demanding and needs plenty of sunshine, but not too much, and sufficient water. There, Amomum subulatum, which has brown seeds, is more commonly cultivated, while in Sri Lanka Elettaria cardamomum with black seeds is more prevalent. The seeds are used as a spice, but they are left in the pods. Many powders also contain the seed pods, increasing the quantity but not the flavor. Terpenes are responsible for the flavor. Cardamom is expensive.

Cinnamon
Cinnamon is obtained from the inner bark of various trees. Ceylon cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) originates from Sri Lanka, and this variety has a low coumarin content. Many cinnamon powders are made from cassia, which has a significantly higher coumarin content. The word cinnamon can be traced back to Latin and the Ancient Greek κιννάμωμον (kinnámōmon, later κίνναμον: kínnamon), the Greek being based on a Phoenician word [5]. Cinnamon was already being imported to Egypt 4000 years ago. Cinnamaldehyde is its main component [6] which we smell and taste. Even though it is more expensive and cumbersome, one should buy and use the bark pieces.



Cardamom plant in Sikkim


Links and Annotations:
[1] Stefan George: Der Herr der Insel. In: Die Bücher der Hirten- und Preisgedichte der Sagen und Sänge und der hängenden Gärten. Zweite Ausgabe. Georg Bondi, Berlin 1899. S. 20/21. 
[Stefan George: The Lord of the Island. In: The Books of Pastoral and Praise Poems, Legends and Songs, and the Hanging Gardens. Second Edition. Georg Bondi, Berlin 1899. pp. 20/21.]
The book sells for €190.00 today!
[2] https://lakpura.com/pages/spices?srsltid=AfmBOopT05VmP5EKm60bZXOE-LIdzc820iQPto49S5JJ-Z57afQ5l7DA
[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamom
[4] Attested in Mycenaean Greek, written in Linear B syllabic script. And I won't write anything now about Michael Ventris, who was instrumental in the first attempts at decipherment.
[5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon
[6] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamaldehyde

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Sunday, March 8, 2026

My Trip to Sri Lanka 2026 … Before the Details

 


Before I'll write about my trip to Sri Lanka in detail in my travelogue, primarily in English, I wanted to share something on my blog in German [1], which I translate here. Namely, what kind of trip it was and what the background was. I visited Sri Lanka three times between 1976 and 1978, and I absolutely loved it back then, but I never had the time to go back. The deciding factor this time was that I found a suitable tour operator, because there's a big risk with Sri Lanka that I either do all the culture or nothing at all, and then just lie on the beach on the tropical island, which is of course also lovely. I had already traveled with the operator „Wolkenbote [Cloud Messenger]“ on an adventure trip through Mongolia. Now Wolkenbote had been offering a trip to Sri Lanka. I accepted, and I haven't regretted it. It was a wonderful trip.

The tour operator has the prosaic name "Travel with Dr. Elvira Friedrich", but the website is much more interesting, and there the operator is called „Wolkenbote [Cloud Messenger]“. Regarding Wolkenbote, I'd like to quote here from the website of Dr. Elvira Friedrich [2], an Indologist. It's a one-woman operation.

The name Sri Lanka (Sinhalese: ශ්‍රී ලංකා, Tamil: இலங்க) has now become established, although people still refer to it as in Ceylon tea [3]. I fondly remember my father, who liked to quote from an English textbook from the 1930s: "Tea from Ceylon is the best." In 1972, the name was changed from Ceylon to Sri Lanka. The Portuguese arrived in Sri Lanka in the 16th century and named the island Ceilao; the Dutch who followed renamed it Ceylon, a name that remained in use from 1796 to 1972. So, in the 1970s, I was still  close to the name Ceylon in the 1970s. I remember frequently having to explain what kind of country Sri Lanka actually was. The name Sri Lanka can be translated as "the sublime, radiant [island]". In 2027, there will also be a voyage with the Cloud Messenger [4].
 
Here's the rough route:
Diefenbach - Cologne - Frankfurt - CMB - Negombo - Colombo - Yapuhawu - Wilpattu - Mihintale - Anuradhapura - Polonnaruwa - Sigiriya - Dambulla - Kandy - Ella - Buduruwagala - Tissamahara - Kataragama - Bundala - Rekawa - Galle - CMB - Frankfurt - Cologne - Diefenbach

My brother Frank thinks that the trip from the Eifel region to Frankfurt and back would be the real adventure. I would change "adventure" to "uncertainty". Google AI writes: "Deutsche Bahn (DB) is known for its unreliability, especially in long-distance travel. Many trains are delayed or canceled, leading to frustration among passengers. The main cause of this unreliability lies in the dilapidated and overloaded rail network, as well as the numerous construction sites required for its renovation." And I once wrote about the feeling of being stranded after a trip [5].

I didn't meet my brother Lutz and my sister-in-law in Sri Lanka; we just missed each other in Galle (by an hour or two). However, I had run into them once by chance at Frankfurt Airport (in the security area) when they were returning from a trip and I was just starting my own. I'll tell you more about them later.

After a very short night (!), we arrived at the airport in Sri Lanka. I remembered the old airport, where you were greeted by a mixture of cinnamon and kerosene smells. This time it was different, because you went straight from the plane into the terminal building. Then we immediately continued on to Negombo, where we explored the town, the fish market, and of course, the boats typical to the Negombo area. After that, we went to Colombo and strolled through the old town. It was lovely and exactly what we needed to completely forget about jet lag. We stayed at the Galle Face Hotel, which still retains a touch of colonial atmosphere. A museum section commemorates the British royal family.

In Yapahuwa, we visited the rock fortress – it involves climbing quite a few stairs, but the view is worth it. From there, we continued past salt pans to a hotel near Wilpattu National Park, interestingly situated on a lagoon. We set off early the next day, as early morning wildlife viewing is recommended. After seeing elephants, birds, buffalos, and deer, we drove to Anuradhapura.
We stayed two nights in Anuradhapura and visited Mihintale, considered the "cradle of Buddhism". There, we also visited the foundations of an Ayurvedic hospital.

After seeing the 14-meter-high monumental Buddha statue from the 5th century AD, we arrived at Minneriya National Park. The ancient Lake Minneriya, built in the 3rd century AD, is also located there. with the Ekho Lake House situated right on its shores.




















Onward to Polonnaruwa, for centuries the capital of the Sinhalese kingdom, only to be reclaimed by jungle until its rediscovery in 1890.

In Sigiriya, we encountered mass tourism, as tourists moved their way up the rock and steel stairs like a snake. Photographing the Cloud Maidens is no longer permitted; I'll have to check if I still have an old slide. From the rock, there's a beautiful view of the plain. There's still jungle there, and I'll tell you about the tourist who ignored the warnings and…

We also visited the cave temples of Dambulla (a UNESCO World Heritage Site). The walls are covered from top to bottom with colorful depictions of the historical Buddha. From Aluvihara – where the Buddhist canon (Tripitaka/Tipitaka) was written down for the first time in the first century BCE [6] – we traveled to Kandy, where we stayed at the Queens Hotel. The hotel dates back to 1844 and is located opposite the Temple of the Tooth.

On our journey, we visited a rubber plantation and then, of course, a tea plantation. This was particularly important for me, as I want to write about tea again and I can use some of the photos as illustrations. I had previously had to resort to some 40-year-old pictures for my old tea articles. Then we arrived in Ella, where we climbed Little Adam's Peak and enjoyed the magnificent view of the valley from the hotel. Due to the damage caused by cyclone Diwah in early December 2025, the railway line from Nanu Oya to Ella was still closed, but the line between Badulla and Ella was open; I recommend traveling in that direction as well. It was a delightful journey.

On our way to Tissamahara, we visited rice paddies and sampled fresh mango and curd, a fermented milk product made from buffalo milk (a type of yogurt). In Budurawagala, we saw the reliefs carved into the rock in the 8th and 9th centuries. In Kataragama, the dagoba and a ceremony were on the agenda. I intend to dig out my old notes and scan some old photos for comparison.

We visited Yala National Park and the following day Bundula National Park, where we observed a variety of birds, as well as elephants, monitor lizards, crocodiles, and buffalo. Afterward, we experienced some beach life in Rekawa. We even spotted a few tortoises.


Finally, the end of the trip was approaching. We drove through Galle, where I missed my brother and sister-in-law. One of my fellow travelers was also at the Herder Gymnasium (high school) at the same time, but several grades below me. It was quite a coincidence that two people from Cologne met on a trip organized by a Hamburg tour operator. And, as I discovered when I got home, she and my brother had also graduated from the Herder Gymnasium (high school). We then traveled via Colombo, where we had dinner, to Bandaranaike Airport, and Sri Lankan Airlines flew us back to Germany via Pakistan and Afghanistan. Almost all other airlines were grounded because the war in Iran had started shortly before our trip to Colombo. If the map is to be believed, we practically plunged into the Caspian Sea and resurfaced from the Black Sea. But my brother Lutz and my sister-in-law are still in Sri Lanka, as they flew with Emirates. They extended their vacation and will return via Beijing.

Many thanks to Wolkenbote for a wonderful trip!



Links and Annotations:
[1] Meine Reise nach Sri Lanka 2026 … vor den Details
https://rheumatologe.blogspot.com/2026/03/meine-reise-nach-sri-lanka-2026-vor-den.htm
[2] “Wolkenbote [Cloud Messenger]:
This is what the Indian poet Kalidasa called his lyrical work, which enjoyed extraordinary popularity. In this poem, a courtier exiled from his homeland commissions a cloud, which is traveling north with all its might, to comfort and greet his beloved who has been left behind. The cloud is to fly over the cities and countries, greeting the friends of the sorrowful man, who so longs to set out himself through the wondrous landscapes.”
https://www.wolkenbote.de/ 
[3] More about Sri Lanka here:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka 
The English article is better for the various toponyms as not all are mentioned here on the blog.
[4] https://www.wolkenbote.de/reisen/sri-lanka-2027/ 
[5] https://rheumatologe.blogspot.com/2023/07/strandungen.html 
Text in German

[6] Pali Canon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali_Canon 
(I've looked it up for this translation.)


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